INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN OPERATING COMPANY.

In the era of globalization and free trade can be seen that the environment must be faced by a company increasingly complex and more difficult to predict. It was caused by the rapid development of technology, shifts in the digital economy and e-commerce that requires high skills and knowledge, fragmented market in a wide range of geography that demands a clear field of specialization, improvements and innovations made by each company to get an edge competing and coupled with the emergence of other industries which of course increases the intensity of competition increases. Therefore companies are really ready to face all that will survive and continue to grow.
As stated in ISO 9001 that an employee's competency components required by the company to be a quality organization and gain national and international quality certification. The company also must be able to document and identify employees who meet the job qualification requirements and develop employees who have not qualified in terms of knowledge and skills through training and practice development. Part Human Resource Development (HRD) needs to build human resource (HR) professional and highly competent that will be a center of excellence as well as support the company's competitiveness in the company entered the era of globalization. In accordance with the changes in the global marketplace, every company employee organizations need to have high competency as required in the job.
Concept of Human Resource Management Competency Based (HRM-BK) or Competency Base Human Resource Management (CB-HRM) offers a new approach that can translate the demands of corporate competencies into position competency requirements and needs of individual competence. With the approach of HRM-BK, many HRM functions previously difficult to do becomes easier and practical, which are organized by the level of competency requirements. HRM-BK method that utilizes computer technology provides easy access to obtain information about the position and the individual so as to result in a decision-making human resource management effective and efficient.

Glimpse of Information Technology

Humans are social beings, besides Clothing, food, and shelter as a priority need, then as social human beings need to communicate between each other as the main requirement to be able to relate to one another.
So start looking for people and creating systems and tools to interact, ranging from painting forms (drawing) on ​​the walls of caves, hand signals, smoke signals, signal sounds, letters, words, words, writings, letters, to phone and internet.
Tools and man-made communication systems are then known as Information Technology, better known by the term "IT" (read ai-ti), short for Information Technology (eng).
The development of human civilization is accompanied by the development of the delivery
information (hereinafter referred to as Information Technology). Starting from the pictures meaningless in the cave walls, laying a milestone in the form of inscriptions until the introduction of the world flow of information that became known as the INTERNET.
The information presented is growing. Than merely describing a state to battle tactics. The author wanted to portray the development of the IT world since prehistoric times until ere entering the era of globalization or information without boundaries

IT Implementation Strategy

Chief information officer (CIO) is one of the company's top-level executives, responsible for one of the major functional areas - information services (information services - IS).
CIO is a member of the executive committee and work closely with other executives in strategic planning. Strategic business plan together information as a resource that should be used to gain competitive advantage, and is supported by a strategic plan for information resources. Increasing HR competencies in enterprise IT strategy mplementasikan CIO role is crucial.
Undeniably, the development of today's business world is increasingly being linked to and, in fact, determined by how intensive information technology (IT) are optimally applied and used in a corporate environment. Various solutions, which brings the technology and wealth of features and functionality continue to be developed. Similarly, ease of use and implementation, for example made in the form of modules, which enables its application in stages without loss of functional connectivity, the main attraction.
So the race continues to stimulate the birth of new solutions and the basis of the latest platforms, which tend to be more technologically sophisticated and complicated, but it feels much easier to use and more widely automated. Variants wide connectivity, data transfer and execution of functional activity, and ease of application to the points offered advantages vendor. Although, in its application, it takes foresight and a fuller understanding of the needs and objectives to be achieved.
That, of course, not just rely on operational details, but on the ability to provide something more than just technological operations, strategic but functional. Therefore, the solutions are more recent, they should be able to provide more convenience, operational coverage area, including ease of use and cost savings or investment ditanamkannya.
In recent years, new solutions, especially those based on Internet technology and cordless (wireless) to dominate a lot of needs, so the ability to support mobility (and increased productivity) is no longer a dream. Mobility, now, no longer a barrier in conducting various business activities, whether at home, at work, on the street, or even outside the city or even abroad. Access and transfer data remotely and wirelessly, for example, is something that can now be done easily
Therefore, the development of a variety of business-oriented solutions that attract more attention. In addition to more functional, also may give a big picture than just the technical operations. It is also supported by advances in technology without cable access (W-LAN aka Wi-Fi) from a speed of 11Mbps to 54Mbps, and even that is being developed, which is the standard 802.16 (WiMax - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), a world scale.
The new solution is now diujiterapkan by Wal-Mart in the U.S. and Metro in Germany, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), also started getting a lot of attention, especially from the retail industry. Besides promising a lot of convenience, the more prominent is the savings and the availability of more accurate data. This retailer solutions seem to be having a snowball scroll increasingly greater.
Linux previously hardly taken into account, is now gradually starting to make waves. This is evidenced by the emergence of Linux-based operating system - Lindows - which will compete with Windows from Microsoft. Recently, Lindows also hope will become the default OS for the laptop or notebook.
The more buoyant-gebunya application of mobile technology (mobile technology), whether it's Wi-Fi, CDMA, EDGE and others also encourages the development of both hardware and its software. Productivity is expected to be a major concern in deploying this technology.
On the other hand, with a variety of capabilities and cost considerations, Outsourcing (outsourcing) enterprise solutions will increase in both insourcing and outsourcing offshore. This outsourcing strategy, in addition to saving costs, also provide a solution IT solutions to the real experts, while the company can focus on its core competency course.
Cost savings are also now possible with one application of IP Telephony to tackle the soaring cost of voice and data communications. This solution is expected to save up to 70 percent.
However, the IT solutions company that is applied, it remains necessary is that care in scrutinizing the application, so it's really to be expected solution with a number of advantages that can be achieved, both in the short and long term.

The role of information technology in improving Competitive advantage

Companies in the information age is the period of the revolutionary transformation, the company not only assessed performance of the asset but the financial and discuss all aspects to provide cost leadership, diffrention, and focus. The information age companies are more responsive to the challenges of the market, preparing for the challenges of today many companies decided to start outsourcing to improve the company's performance related to business processes that are not a core competence or core business. It is expected to hand over the management of the process into the hands of another company as a business partner that has a core business in the field, creating a process with optimal performance
According to Anthony diromulado Gurbaxani and vijay (Strategic Intent for IT Outsourcing
, Sloan Management Review, Summer 1998, Academic Research Library 3.4) states that the three main points to improve IS IT outsourcing that improve business performance, and generate new revenue that can help companies to assess outsourcing. To achieve corporate strategic objectives with consideration of reducing costs and improving resource efficiency by improving IT IS relevant to their business, but the purpose of commercial exploration of applications, operations, infrastructure and know how to introduce to the market by products and services.
Based on these considerations blaze of incentives for outsourcing clients and vendors sharing the risks and rewards are obtained based on the type of contract, the right decision, performance measurement. Senior managers need guidelines for administration of IS transformation plan based on the standard system with core business systems with a global technology platform and consider the transfer of asset ownership and responsibility of the customer to the vendor IT outsourcing that are critical for success.
Of all that is necessary to evaluate IT Outsourcing and structural relationships, as a manager of IS and business will always remember the need for success, consistency, competence, compatibility and sustainability of the organization's IT assets.
According to the IT Governance Institute (Governance of Outsourcing ISBN 1-933284-13-7) providing for the codification of rules that have outsourced outsourcing life cycle stages as follows:
Presignature:
1. Suitability signing of the contract and the signing of the completed process.
2. Agreement Service Level Agreement (SLA)
3. Operational processes are developed
4. Transition stages and payment services
5. Operational team, a clear articulation of the relationship and interface
6. Transition and Transformation plan completion
7. Successful Act, bonus and penalty
8. Consensus in determining responsibility
9. Assessment continuation outsource supplier performance and style
Transition
1. Transition staff
2. Key Knowledge and skills are retained or acquired
3. Carry out the administration of services to complete
4. Dideliver services to SLA / OLA new
5. A framework for monitoring the impact
6. Continuous improvement program
7. Review and improvement of procedures
Transformation
1. combined activity rules
2. organizing services, operating and reporting
3. Benchmarking is built
4. The project cost is measured based on the implementation
5. Benefits are administered
6. Assets in line with the needs of
7. Changes and the successful Environmental Management
Quick Wins and Steady State
1. Contract that expired
2. Benchmarking to show less competitive
3. Breach of contract
4. Employment relationship that can not be implemented
According Hazael Taylor (Outsourced IT Projects from the vendor Perspective: Different Goals, Different Risks, University of Washington, USA) suggests that multinational IT Outsourcing on the project to be more common in managing project risks in order to avoid the failure of the project by noting spesisifk risk and differentiate from competitors or outsourcing vendors that are not competent, it can be determined by identifying the risk factors that can be identified or classified, namely:

Project Management Risks
1. Technology Risks
2. Relationship Risks
3. Internal Vendor Negotiations
4. Vendor Team Morale
5. Client Trust
6. Client Organization Culture
Location Risks
1. Vendor Overseas Head Office
2. Non Local Third Party
Commercial Environment Risks
1. Vendor's Reputation
2. Vendor's Competition
3. Legal and Credit Risk
4. Contract Term and Conditions
Non-identified factors
According to Kaplan and Norton (1996), which assessed performance using financial indicators alone is no longer considered sufficient, the reason financial measures only describe the situation of the past, and can only be done for a company that all long-term investment.
Sources: http://www.agrifood.info/perspectives/2000/Shadbolt.html # Kaplan
While the era of information technology, companies can survive is a company that is able to create value by investing in our customers, employees, processes, technology used, and innovation.
In 2004, IT Governance Institute, in conjunction with Global Ligthouse, surveyed 200 IT professionals from 14 countries in America, Asia-Pacific and Europe, responder including CIOs, IT Directors and IT managers from various companies with annual revenues of more than U.S. $ 50 million . Survey highlights some of the key themes of strategic mendriven organizations to consider outsourcing and how it is applied and regulated.

The Information Age

To analyze, review, compare and contrast the arguments of some of the thinking presented in the introduction should also look at the condition of the Information Age will get a holistic view so that the influence of Outsourcing. The level of competition increases with increasing business needs of information technology to improve business value, this can be reflected in the strategic characteristics generally have several factors namely: cost leadership, differentiation and focus of seeing it all, now is the time a revolutionary transformation. Industrial age competition has shifted to the information age competition. During the industrial age, from 1850 until about 1975, success is determined by how well companies exploit the benefits of scale and scope economies (economies of scale and scope). The success obtained by the company that is how much a company can embed new technologies and offer a standard product mass and efficiently.
During the industrial age, financial control systems developed within a company, it is to facilitate and monitor the allocation of financial and physical capital efficiently. The use of financial and physical capital by different operating divisions may be monitored in order to create added value for our shareholders.
The advent of information age, in the last decades of the 20th century, has a lot to make basic assumptions about the industrial age competition. Companies can no longer produce a sustainable competitive advantage simply by implementing new technology into physical assets quickly or simply by applying the management of assets and financial liabilities. Revolutionary impact of the information age more felt by local companies and multinasioanl, especially under the auspices of the incumbent local companies, which for decades to grow in a comfortable and non-competitive. They just have a little freedom in entering the business in determining the price of the product. In return, the government regulations to protect the company from its competitors is more efficient and innovative, and set prices that allow returns on investments and costs incurred. Over the last two decades shows the emergence of various initiatives of deregulation and privatization of essential services firms worldwide. When the seeds of destruction created information technology services company and the industry in the previous centuries many get protection from the government.
To achieve competitive success, the information age requires new skills that must be owned by the company. The ability of a company to mobilize and mengekspolorasi assets become much more decisive.
Analysis Articles

From some of the articles presented in the introduction there are some similarities in the organization influences IT Outsourcing yatiu:
• Improve the organization's strategic IS
• Prevent risks arising
• The organization can focus on its core business, thus increasing the competitive advantage
• Outsourcing codification of standards for conduct described by several methodological
• In addition, the difference is the effect of IT outsourcing organization Organizational Culture, Political, resources and organizational structure.
Stages of Outsourcing
From the explanation above, that the era of information that supports a competitive advantage outsourcing needs of the organization will be important, the similarity of the arguments of the impact of outsourcing risk management and selection process outsource provider or lawyer both in terms of internal and external factors that are affected by four organizations: structural frame, human resources, political, and symbolic to the achievement of organizational objectivity.
In general, the outsourcing process can be done with planning, outsourcing, strategy selection, cost analysis, outsourcing vendor selection, negotiation, transition and relationship management resource. Cost analysis in the framework of an outsourcing, data collection activities play cost of outsourced activities in the before and after, and evaluation of the impact of business value by considering:
1. Grouping fee influential / significant, use the law of Pareto (80/20), activity costs will be outsourced recorded and monitored.
2. Before making outsourcing calculate the cost that has been classified, whether it will have an advantage.
3. After Outsource, recalculate as step b and impact analysis after outsourcing.
4. Use cost-benefit analysis to obtain results from outsourcing whether or posifit negative impact to the company.
The stages in the outsourcing life cyle which according to the Outsourcing Governance IT Governance, Organization to adopt best practices, Outsourcing life cycle to understand the operational and strategical as support each lasting life cycle control. Broader goals by applying the model life cycle, the organization will be better manage , administer, allocate resources effectively cross the next area. illustrated in figure 5 - outsourcing life cycle ..
Taking into account:
1. Ensuring the appropriate outsourcing is that it may be acceptable to the understanding of the organization's business and operations strategies (both strategic planning and tactical planning).
2. Determining the type of outsourcing and its relationship with consumption needs services, while this is a separate, consistent and have the characteristics of simple, market-based relationships (market-based).
3. Build process outsourcing rules and terms before the contract is signed. It provides a reference to the rules and support all parts to see the purpose of the contract, expectations, roles, responsibilities initiatives rules (responsibilities of the governance initiative).
4. Do some research. Organizations should conduct research on the organization itself (to understand, measure, and meets the needs of outsourcing) and select the provider / Outsource potential lawyer can do.
5. Make a negotiated contract for a certain period of time to make sure your expectations and whether the plan has been reached, if necessary, to get an alternative with potential providers.

Conclusion
The success of an organization's Competitive Advantage with IT Outsourcing menerapan, based on consideration of the application of outsourcing practices that can either use the outsourcing life cycle developed by the IT Governance Institute or use the PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) in particular Procurement Management and also a combination of both, all activities outsourcing is influenced also by the triangle constraint (scope, cost and time), infrastructure components (people, process, technology) and four organizational frames, to prevent potential risks, so that the organization can focus on its core business.

Writing that charity

"The skies may be intelligent, but as long as he did not write, he would
lost in society and of history. Writing is work to
immortality "

Kouichi Tanaka and Eiji Osawa are two Japanese chemist. There is a fundamental difference between the two. Tanaka is a recipient of the Nobel Prize (Chemistry, 2002), while not Osawa. What distinguishes them is Tanaka writes, while Osawa no.

In 1970 Osawa predicted the existence of structural carbon materials that form a ball through the scientific literature. Unfortunately, the idea is written in a Japanese-language journals, so it never got to Europe and America. At the same time an American scientist RW Hanson was also predicted similar things. But he actually did not write the idea.

Fifteen years later, the carbon structure is realized Osawa predicted the experimental, and then called C60 by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley. This discovery continues with the discovery of fullerenes, the tube structure of carbon materials in nanometer scale, which is known in the scientific world with a carbon nanotube. Carbon nanotubes are one of the most important ingredients in the development of nanotechnology today. The discovery of these four scientists was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1996.

Tanaka is a researcher at the Shimazu corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of measuring instruments. He developed the mass spectrometer, an instrument that is able to parse the composition of a material by mass constituent molecules. Tanaka wrote his research results in English. One at an international conference, and another in an international journal of mass spectrometry. At first Nobel Prize for the discovery / development of the mass spectrometer was about to be given to British scientists produce more papers so it is better known. But recently, the committee found a paper published earlier Tanaka and a reference material, so it was decided to confer the award to him.

Tanaka was not proficient in English. Unlike most science Nobel Prize laureates who are mostly commonly associate professor internationally, Tanaka's "just" a scholar S1. She is the only recipient of the Nobel Prize in science are not doctors. During his lecture at the Nobel ceremony, he had to pass the English haltingly. When asked by reporters about his impression after the lecture, he said shortly, "I hate English!"

Writing is sharing. The idea that we write and read others may will inspire people to do more or better. That's the most basic thing in the world of science publications. From the findings of a scientist, other scientists will continue and expand. That can only be achieved if they are sharing. One of the media to share it is writing.

Osawa indeed had written earlier idea of ​​the carbon structure. Unfortunately the media that he used inadequate. He wrote in Japanese, which I could not reach the center of the world of science, namely Europe and America. This means that the idea does not spread well. Instead, Hanson actually have a better chance because he speaks English. But she misses one important thing, that he did not write down his ideas.

Writing is sharing. We're not writing to show that we are smart or great. If the intention Thus, our paper will be filled by the great things that may be difficult to understand the reader. Writing with the intention of sharing means we will try to make writing so maybe that is easily understood by the reader. If you feel that writing is hard, try writing your ideas. Then read their own writing, to imagine yourself as being very common in the things you wrote. That way you will empathize with the reader, found it difficult to understand in your writing. Then change the writing to be easily understood.

Given by impact of technology on the behavior and development of human culture

The development of the existing technology had a profound effect on behavior and human culture. In today's world people are very dependent on technology. Human life be made easier because of technology. For example, in the shop we do not need to bother to go to the place that you want addressed, and picking out the groceries we need. We just go to the internet, choose the things we want and buy it over the internet, then just wait for the ordered goods we come. We can also get all the information we need. We can know the latest news easily and quickly. We can also get entertainment, such as playing online computer games, and we can also communicate with other people or our friends who are in different places, both domestically and abroad, with a simple and practical, such as chat.
But the technology also poses adverse effect on the behavior and human culture. Especially internet technologies. where communicators can convey any information be it good or bad information to the communicant, and that hard again we are not easy to trace who komunikatornya. Unlike the other technologies, such as print, TV, Radio, we can find out who komunikatornya clearly, so that information can be accounted for. With the technology also makes socialization between fellow human beings is reduced, before any technology, there are a plethora of communication is direct, but since the advent of technology people no longer need to communicate more directly, using the internet and we can put up a web came to talk with anyone and where only. This resulted in non-verbal communication less often. Besides internet can also cause bad things like the spread of computer viruses, bank fraud, ruffled corporate or government system. As performed by hackers, they have a high ability in technology but not used properly, and even those with high technological capabilities used to disrupt the system-system of a company or the government, they could even break the bank, so get personal benefits for their own. The technology can also cause a person's laziness in communicating, before there was entertainment technology only for humans is the huddle and playing together. But with the advent of technology, people have a wide range of entertainment, when they are bored, they do not need to go to a friend's house and just talk, they can watch TV, listen to the radio, or seek information from the Internet. this led to reduced socialization among humans and can cause people to become geek and have no friends, because too many at home and use the internet. Because technology makes human life and humans are very dependent of the technology, leading to a greater dependence on technology and it makes humans can not be separated from technological assistance in their daily lives.

Definition of Nano Technology.

Nanotechnology is a science (science) to create machines that are very small, the molecular level. The name is derived from the word meaning} {nanometer a billionth of a meter (10 to the minus 9), the size of these machines.

Nano technology is sometimes also called an engineered at the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary area of ​​various applied science and engineering in order to design and develop components and systems is very small.

The role of nanotechnology in the IT (information technology), have no doubt. Increasing the speed of the computer from time to time, memory and hard drive capacities increase, the smaller the increase in functionality and mobile phones, are concrete examples of nano technology products in the field of IT.

Contribute to the development of nano technology IT can be broadly divided into three.

1. The addition of the density of the number of devices.
Preview simply, if the size of the fruit can be made smaller transistor density of the number of transistors on the same chip size will automatically be bigger.

2. Application allows quantum effects.

3. The addition of new functions to an existing system makes the same material in a small size. But to make a new function when the atoms or molecules of different types arranged in a system device.

For example, the manufacture of artificial eyes that have a function to capture and transfer light into information and then processed, it will be easier to do with the role of nanotechnologies. Even with nanotechnologies, artificial intelligence sensors can be made with a sensitivity close to what humans have.

The role of other nanotechnologies:
© Nano technology could double the concrete kekutan.
- With a mixture of 10 percent nanosilika kekutan concrete material to be twice as strong, earthquake resistant, and impermeable to water.

© Nano technology capable of making the drug in nanogram size.
- The drug directly to the target that was about to be treated.

© Nano technology provides a way out to overcome pollution:
1. the mastery of nanotechnology will reduce fuel use in transportation.

2. reducing exhaust gas and waste.

3. nanofilter able to filter out dust, gases and particles in the order of one micron.

4. nanotechnology will find solar cells that could reduce the energy source of carbon compounds.

5. nanotechnology enables the discovery of batteries with high capacity and long-lasting.

6. nanotechnology enabled energy savings due to the power grid is no longer using copper as a conductor, but will use a conductor with zero resistance interests.

7. nanotechnology enables the use of hydrogen as a new energy source.

© nanotechnology able to turn the useless material into high-quality goods to compose constituent elements.
- Limestone (clay) are converted into nanoparticles and then mixed with the polymer, will produce polymer nanocomposite (PNC) is very strong and elastic.

© Nano technology able to arrange atoms or molecules of carbon contained in the coal and graphite.
- Produces a sparkling diamond.

© Nano technology can be used on electronic items:

1. washing machine 'Air Wash ™ System "made by Samsung.
washing machines with Silver Nano technology, where ion-ion nano-sized silver will eradicate bacteria and fungi. Nano silver ions are also able to withstand up to 30 days so that the laundry washing bacteria-free and odor-causing particles.

2. 'IPod Nano' Apple
• Using nano technology, the iPod is equipped with 4GB and 8GB of storage, and a 5 hour battery kekutan to watch the video, and 24 hours for listening to music.

3. Automax NanoTech Fuel Enhancer (NFE)
is additive with high berkepekatan cecair dynamic nanotechnologies.

Nano functions on NFE:
• Saves fuel up to 28%
• Increase engine power up to 20%
• Reduce pollution harmful fumes to 98%
• preserve engine durability

4. Bio disc (the findings of Dr. Ian William Lyon
glass plate is made of 13 natural minerals are processed through the Nano Technology and high fusion heating.

Bio disc capable of making all the liquid is absorbed more easily, improving flavor and can increase endurance.

5. Mosquito Traps Products "BLACK HOLE" Advanced Nano Technology Mosquito Trap

BLACK HOLE works by creating the Photocatalyst of ultraviolet light beam (2 pieces) are on the surface of the panel Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) that surrounds it. photocatalytic reaction produces heat spectrum is preferred because it is very similar to mosquito human body heat.

6. Water Filtration System With Combined Bio Nano Technology

function:
- Free from bacteria and viruses
- The body get rid of toxins from the body
- Improve body metabolism and endurance
- Helps prevent heart problems and blood streaming
- Perpetuates freshness of the fish, meat and vegetables

7. 'Fuel cell' mini artificial NEC
Fuel cells are the only alternative to batteries that have the greatest energy capacity in proton energy conversion using hydrogen and oxygen as fuel.

8. 'Nissan' is equipped with Nano technology
The development of the field of electronics with nanotechnologies, actually running since 1975, which introduced a highly sensitive sensor in the disk drive made of layers of nanometer sized magnetic particles with nanometer layer thickness.

Intensive research in the field of highly capable chips using nano technology by several large companies such as IBM and Hewlett Packet by changing the principle material of silicon to metal particles more easily modified with high ability. INTEL Corp. (Intel) as the world's chip producers have prepared themselves through nanotechnology will replace silicon particles that had been used as a principle of chips with nano particles of carbon tube.

Definition Definition of Technology.

Definition Definition of Technology According to the experts - Technology is growing and sophisticated, so before we advance our technology meddle we should know in advance what is the meaning of technology, I provide the following definition of technological understanding from various sources:

Definition Definition of Technology is one characteristic that defines human nature that is part of history covering the whole history. Technology is closely related to science (science) and engineering (engineering). In other words, the technology contains two dimensions: the science and engineering that are related to each other. Science refers to our understanding of the real world around us, it means the basic characteristics of the dimensions of space, about the interaction of matter and energy in to each other.

The definition of science is a means of solving the fundamental problem of every civilization. Without science, a civilization can not sustain political structures and social or meet the basic needs of the people and the culture. As the external manifestation of an epistemology, science forming the physical, intellectual and cultural as well as advancing the economical production method chosen by a civilization. Basically, science is a means by which ultimately scored a civilization, he is a physical expression of his world view. While engineering, objective knowledge about something (about space, matter, energy) are applied in the field of design (including the technical equipment). In other words, the technology includes techniques and equipment to carry out the design of which is based on the results of science.

Often held separation, even a conflict between science and fundamental scientific research (basic science and fundamental) on the one hand and on the other, applied science and applied research (applied science and applied research). However, one other fact should be seen as two complementary lines that complement each other, even as the vessel related; may be distinguished, but should not be separated from each other.

The meaning of technology, such as the meaning of 'science', has changed throughout history. Technology, derived from Greek literature, namely technologia, derived from the origin of the word techne, meaning art discourse. When the term was first used in English in the seventeenth century, the meaning is systematic discussion on 'applied arts' or carpentry, and gradually it means referring to guild itself. In the 20th century, its meaning expanded to include not only the tools and machines, but also the methods and techniques of non-material. Which means the systematic application of techniques and methods. Now most of the definitions of technology, emphasizing relationship with science. Sociologist defined technology as' a collection of tools, rules and procedures is the application of scientific knowledge to a particular job in a way that allows repetition.

So a little explanation of Understanding Definition Technology.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN ORGANIZATIONS

Role of Communication Technology and Management

Currently the application of information and communication technologies are needed in the business world as a tool in the effort to win the competition. Information Technology Development Company carried out gradually before a holistic or comprehensive system is built, it is adjusted to the strength of its resources. In practice, information technology strategic plan is always aligned with the company's plans, so that every application of information technology to deliver value to the company. Referring to the company's information technology architecture, application of Information Technology conducted categorized as follows:

• Application of Information Technology which form the basis of various other applications
  The company is in the other operating systems, databases, network
  management and others.
• Applications that are fundamental (utility) the application of Information Technology
  used for a variety of resource utilization Corporate affairs among other
  payroll systems, accounting and financial systems and others.
• Application of Information Technology in accordance with the needs spesifikPerusahaan
  particularly with regard to the creation of products / services offered
  Companies such as Application Properties, Applications and Application Forwarding
  Warehousing.
IT departments often underestimated because it is the only department that can spend money without being able to make money, this is sometimes a problem of its own for the corporate IT department. Sometimes a lot of companies look at one eye on the role of IT in supporting the process in the company, it has not been a lot of measuring devices that can be used to measure how much IT contributed to or took part in advancing the company?
Some of the application of Information and Communication Technology among others in the company, business, banking, education, and health. And that will be discussed here is a special application with the tables and Communication Technology in the Company.
Application of Information and Communication Technology widely used by business travelers. The need for time and cost efficiency led to any businesses feel the need to apply information technology in the work environment. Application of Information and Communication Technology bada cause changes in work habits. For example, the application of Enterprice Resource Planning (ERP). ERP is a software application that includes the company's management system, how long most
To be able to know the share of corporate IT department is to know the benefits of the application of IT technologies in the enterprise, for example:
• That from manual to automatic, and this reduces the cost of labor, the cost for paper, stationery, etc..
• working on a faster time in the presence of IT. Because IT is going memperbendek chain of bureaucracy, which was completed in 1 week with IT only took 1 day. If we had the time to convert to the cost savings it will get a few dollars.
• Decision-making is faster, because the data required IT can be obtained quickly. This of course would make the company more competitive. Because the impact would be enormous could be due to a slow decision a company will lose a lot of orders.
• The application of IT technology we will be able to save baiaya promotion and marketing, for promotion via the web site will be very cheap and consumers can view the company profile from anywhere in the world.
• The IT system will be integrated in all offices or company so it will be able to increase the speed in responding to something and the management will quickly determine the condition of the company without having to visit a remote branch office and transportation costs.
So actually the implementation of IT will be very cost-effective in all aspects, whether labor, processing, marketing, and management. And application of IT will also be able to accelerate the progress of the company, with semain increasing its margins.
To find out exactly how much profit is generated by IT then you can calculate it from the resulting savings-savings your company as the impact of the adoption of IT converted to Euro, and the progress achieved from the implementation of your company's IT, it will appear a sufficient significant.
Information systems in general have eased the situation a role in the company, including the following:
• Minimize risk
Every business has its risks, especially related to financial factorfaktor. In general, the risk comes from uncertainty in many respects, and other external aspects that are beyond the control of the company .. Currently, various types of applications are available to reduce the risks often faced by businesses such as forecasting, financial advisory, planning experts and others. The presence of information technology in addition to be able to help companies reduce business risks that exist, it should also be a means to assist management in managing risk.
• Reduce costs
The role of information technology as a catalyst in a variety of efforts to reduce the company's operating costs will ultimately affect the profitability of the company. In connection with this there are usually four ways to offer information technology to reduce operational costs, namely:
• elimination process
Implementation of the various components of information technology will be able to remove or eliminate processes that are deemed unnecessary. Sample call center to replace the function of customer service in the face of customer complaints.
o Simplification process
Various processes are lengthy and convoluted (bureaucratic) can usually be simplified by implementing the various components of information technology. Sample orders can be made through the company website without the need to come to the service order.
o Integration process
Information technology is also capable of integrating multiple processes into one that feels faster and more convenient (directly will increase customer satisfaction as well).
o Automation of the process
Changing manual processes to be automated is the classic offer of information technology.
• Add Value
The next role of information technology is to create value for customers. The ultimate goal of creating value not just to satisfy customers, but even further to create loyalty so that customers are willing to always be customers for the long term.
• Create new realities
The development of information technology is characterized by the rapid recent internet technology has been able to create a new competitive arena for the company, which is in cyberspace. Various concepts of e-business is kind of e-commerce, e-procurement, e-customer, e-loyalty, and other essentially a new perspective in response to the business mechanisms in the era of globalization of information.
For some companies, an IT strategy is not always the case that formal. Although the plan called Information Systems (IS) "Strategic", application architecture, data, technology and IS management process, which consists of the development and reporting standards, all presented with a plan, and the needs of the business processes that exist today. There is no reference or philosophy for the use of technology in the company and was not impressed any significant rules in determining which strategy is more effective, profitable and feasible.
In a conventional environment, the relationship between a firm's competitive strategy and the benefits of using IT developed through several layers, from planning, analysis and design. Can be understood if the ligkungan sseperti IT has little effect on the company's competitive strategy. In line with the broader use of IT in the business environment, the look is no longer a separation between IT and the competitive strategy of the company, as all competitive strategy must have IT as well as having marketing, manufacturers and finance.
IT strategy helps managers to define limits for the next action decision making, but stopping briefly in determining the action for himself. This is a fundamental difference between IT strategy and IT planning. IT strategy is a set of priorities that controls decision making for users and data processing professionals. It is a form of rule framework for usability of IT within the company, and describes how a senior executive at the company will relate to the IT infrastructure. IT Planning on other things, focusing on the implementation of the IT strategy.
Information Systems Strategic Planning needed for an organization to identify the best targets to make the purchase and implementation of management information systems and help to maximize the yield from investment in information technology. An information system created by Strategic Design of Information Systems are good, will assist an organization in the decision to carry out its business plans and realizing its business pencapian. In today's business world, the application of information technology to determine the strategy of the company is one of the most effective ways to improve business performance.
IT strategy is needed to
• Knowledge of new technologies
• involved in tactical and strategic planning
• Discussed in company discussions
• Understand the advantages and disadvantages of technology
With the growing role of information technology in the business world, the demand management / IT to produce a viable Information Systems and support business activities. To that end, required a change in management / IT. Change is the implementation of the Strategic Design of Information Systems to meet the demands of producing SI to support the business activities of an organization. Along with the times and the world of business, an increase in Information Systems Strategic Planning is a serious challenge for the management of IS / IT.
SI / IT as an Enabler, organization / company is required to apply the technology not only to maintain the existence of the business but also to create chances in the competition. An understanding of the role of technology development and information systems needed to manage technology and information systems within the organization itself. IT support company / organization at the level of
• Strategic
   Relevant to the achievement of long-term targets and overall business
• Tactical
   Required to achieve strategic plans and objectives in order to perform
   changes to success
• Operational
   Processes and actions that must be performed daily to maintain performance

Suitability of IT and Business
• Conduct internal and external synergies between domains
   External strategic choices must be consistent with the internal settings => general in
   business.
• IT Domain
Strategies for IT should be seen in the external domain: determines the position / formula companies in the market of IT products
IT => enabler: determine or establish the business strategy (not just berfungsisebagai response / support to the needs of the business strategy).
Functional Integration of IT for the company:
Business strategy and IT strategy, execution and functional level.
Business operations and IT infrastructure
The relationship between the administration and the business processes that the IT process execution strategies can be implemented.
Functional often called IT's ability to deliver solutions for business processes (more efficient, effective, reduced cost).

Impact of Communication Technology for Bureaucracy
The use of information technology (IT) in developing countries is growing rapidly and enter a variety of needs. The use of technologically advanced devices that networking computers designed since entering 2000, when the use of computers more evenly. The Government further indicates the growing need for the use of IT in order to make the work of the bureaucracy more effective and efficient in serving the needs of the community.
The work could be simplified and bureaucracy is streamlined through the use of information technology. Therefore, governments in some countries are very interested in adapting the use of ICT for citizens and businesses. One is the Italian e-government strategy. This strategy is so popular that it be used as reference for other countries in the world in the development of electronic government services, especially in developing countries. In the records of the Ministry of Innovation and Technology, at least 16 countries that follow the model of the development of digital technology used by the government to modernize the Italian government.
Models wearing Italian e-government development by many countries, because since the beginning of Italy is already preparing a development of e-government initiatives prepared by the Technical Unit Development, which is part of the Ministry of Innovation and Technology. The initiative has developed into an international action after the UN, World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and the Development Gateway Foundation, was also involved and work together in achieving the so-called good governance and democratic development through information and communications technology.
What is a good e-governance in the Italian government? E-governance is a digital bureaucracy than focusing on the community, will also have an impact on the efficiency and quality of service even better. Modernization done up at the local level, and between central and local governments, there is a uniform connection, safe, and efficient with the so-called public connectivity system (PCS). One advantage of the PCS is no longer bothered with the issue should go to a government office to another government office to arrange something. Now intergovernmental communication is inter-connected with each other.
In the modern organization, too, it will make the government more efficient, productive and responsive to public needs, faster serve, to cut the bureaucracy, and that obviously becomes more open.
Ironically, behind the success of e-governance Italian, Indonesian bureaucracy has not changed from the way that the manual digitization regardless of the swift current. The phenomenon of high levels of corruption, bribery, and extortion in the state bureaucracy is constantly occurring as a result of government inaction in the days following the transformation.
Images of Indonesia opaque bureaucracy in the digital era is often photographed with bleak images by various parties. The process of licensing services should be shortened often walk convoluted and thick with the smell of bribery or kickbacks.
According to the survey Transparency International (TI) Indonesia in 2006, bribery was rife in the interaction of public service in government institutions. A woman entrepreneur of public transport in Ambon for example, claimed to have used bribery in the administration route permit. A businessman from Surabaya had another experience. To pass three boats loaded with timber to the warehouse, timber companies are forced to give up two fully loaded timber ships as "harbor entrance ticket" or lubricant. Foreign businessmen to invest in Indonesia were not spared from the 'culture' which is scented odor. No wonder, if TI - a non-governmental body based in Berlin - often puts Indonesia in a group of countries that have relatively high levels of corruption. Conversely, if viewed from the human development index (HDI) or the Human Development Index (HDI) UNDP reported periodically, Indonesia is always in a position more tenuous.
To solve the problem of corruption, bribery or extortion in the bureaucratic system, can be used ICT. This is intended to cut red tape complexity of public services in Indonesia through the implementation of e-Government. That is, the problem of corruption, bribery and extortion can be overcome by improving the quality of public services. Therefore, the use of ICT can promote the establishment of the principles of good governance - especially in terms of transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability. Unfortunately, it can not be done in the near future.
Sendainya just bureaucratic reform-based e-Government can be applied in any districts / cities in Indonesia, it is not only limited to promote improved quality of care or cut the complexity of the bureaucratic chain that has been blamed as the source of the rampant bribery or corruption among bureaucrats, but can foster investment climate positive and foster creativity in new productive business opportunities through ICT convergence space which is now wide open.
Is not the principles of good governance - especially transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, accountability - if realized by implementing e-Government can also change the culture of corruption into a productive culture? Perhaps a change of this kind is expected to hundreds of millions of Indonesia's population of today's global impact of digitization. But if things are easy just continue compounded by the bureaucratic chain, it is quite possible a variety of information and communication technology products imported to Indonesia will only be 'ornaments' that adorn the modern lifestyle, but still poor creativity and productivity.

Application of Communication Technology in Organizations

Communication and information technology have great potential to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health information management in hospitals. Some notable examples that will be reviewed are (1) a computer-based medical record, (2) portable storage technologies such as smart cards, (3) wireless technology, and (4) handheld computer.

1. Computer-based medical record (Computer-based patient record)
One of the major challenges in the application of information and communication technology in hospitals is the application of computer-based medical records. In his official report, Intitute of Medicine notes that it is still little evidence of the successful implementation of computer-based medical record as a whole, comprehensive and can be used as a data model for other hospitals.
Definition of a computer-based medical records vary, but, in principle, is the use of a database to record all medical data, demographic and every event in the management of patients in hospital. Computer-based medical records will gather patient clinical data both from the results of physician examination, digitization of tools diagnosisi (ECG, radiology, etc.), conversion of laboratory results and clinical interpretation. Computer-based medical record is usually accompanied by a complete facility decision support system (DSS) that enable delivery of alerts, reminders, diagnosis and therapy in order to help doctors and clinicians to comply with the protocol

2. Portable data storage technology
One important aspect of health care that uses the approach of referral (referral system) is the continuity of care. In this concept, health services at the primary level have a high level of connectivity with the referral on it. One of the conditions is the communication of medical data easily and effectively. Some of the approaches made use of information technology is the use of smart cards (smart cards that allow temporary data storage). Smart cards are already used in some European countries and the United States making it easier for patients, doctors and health insurers. In the smart card, in addition to demographic data, some data will also be recorded diagnosisi last. Other portable storage technology is a model of web-based electronic health records allow patients to store their health data while on the Internet. The data can then be accessed by a doctor or hospital as authorized by the patient. This technology is one of the models of telemedicine applications that do not run in real time.
Application is a simple portable storage bar code (or bar code). Bar code is already available in the industry as a marker of a particular brand's unique to come. It is obviously easier supermarkets and retail warehouses and inventory management. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S. have required all drug manufacturers in the U.S. to use the barcode as a marker drug. The use of bar code will also benefit the pharmacy and hospital pharmacy in speeding up the inventory process. In addition, the use of barcodes can also be used as a unique identifier on the card and the patient's medical record.
Unique marker technology is now increasingly popular is the RFID (radio frequency identifier) ​​that allows pengidentifikasikan identity through radio frequency. If using barcode, hospitals still require barcode reader, the use of RFID would eliminate the use of these tools. Each item (eg drug or medical record file), along with RFID will send a continuous signal into a computer database. So identification will run automatically.

3. Wireless Technology
The use of computer networks in the medical world has actually been initiated since almost 40 years ago. In 1976/1977, University of Vermont Hospital and Walter Reed Army Hospital to develop a local area network (LAN) that allows users to log on to multiple computers from a single terminal in the nursing station. At that time, the medium used is still a koaxial cable. Currently, the network Hairdryer be excellent because the user stays connected to the network without wires hampered by mobility. Through the non-cable networks, the doctor can always connect to the database without having terganggun patient mobility.

4. Handheld computers (Personal Digital Assistant)
Currently, the use of handheld computers (PDAs) become more and more commonplace in the medical community. In Canada, fifty percent of physicians who are under 35 years old using a PDA. PDAs can be used to store a variety of patient clinical data, drug information, and guide therapy / treatment specific clinical. Some sites on the Internet provide examples of clinical applications are used in PDA dapta as Epocrates. Use of PDAs that have been accompanied by a fixed telephone network allows physicians to have access to a database of patients in rumahs Akit through the Internet network. One example of the application of telemedicine technology is patient radiological data transmission that can be sent directly through the GSM network. Furthermore, doctors can provide direct interpretation PDA and provide feedback to hospitals.

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Science Education Technology.

What is Science Education Technology?

Education Technology is specialized knowledge. Not Science Technology and Science Teaching is not, but the science which require expertise in some sort of science.

Education Technology nor knowledge of academic issues concerning Educational Technology, not the ability to discuss these issues as well academically. Education Technology is the science of "applied", useful knowledge in education to help education practitioners to maximize the technology in the learning process.

Education Technology as one of the major issues for all practitioners and institutions that have the goal of improving the quality of education in Indonesia through educational technology.

The main issue with educational technology is the latest technology is not necessarily the best educational technology for your purposes. By maximizing the expertise "Educational Technology scientists" we can learn how to teach more effectively.

What are the basic needs of scientists Educational Technology?

Understanding the learning process and experience as a teacher.

Extensive knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages as well as the process of using all kinds of technology education (from paper and pens to the latest technology).

Ability to communicate with teachers as colleagues.

Broad knowledge of the issues and limitations of technology, and the kind of teaching and learning activities that can be implemented in small or large classes (mislanya lecture / seminar).

Extensive knowledge of the design issues of media appropriate to the situation. For example, a minimum paper size, text and background colors are the most effective means of communication role in different situations, effective chart type, content-issue "fog factor", and others.

The ability to create and help teachers learn how to create and use a lot of kinds of props.

Ability to plan and implement special programs to enhance the understanding and ability of teachers to educational technology issues.

It seems therefore Educational Technology Scientists in Indonesia are a lot less, or nothing, rhetoric about the great technology in education by many people who have a business Tujan (or is related to the business), Technology scientists, or other parties which really did not think about the issues, can write articles in the press without balanced information based reality (by research).

What's the difference between "scientists Technology" and "Scientists Educational Technology"?

Technology Scientists have always supported technological benefits, but scientists only Educational Technology supports the technology in which the benefits are proven, the technology suitable (appropriate).

Without the role of scientists in the world of Education Technology education we can spend the budget without increasing the quality of education. And by using advanced technology or materials that do not fit, the quality of education can be decreased.

For example, yesterday I could see where the information from the data projector and laptop use, by educational leaders, the writing can not be read from any room in the middle of the back again. This is only one issue.

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